Net art

obn@venice,
venice, june 8, 2001.

at the opening of the slovenian pavillion, several members of the Old Boys Network congratulated Vuk Cosic and handed over a huge bouquet of flowers to him. amongst Tadej Pogacar and 0100101110101101.org, Vuk Cosic is the representative of the republic of slovenia in the solvenian pavillion at the 49th biennale of art in venice. following is the speech which has been delivered by OBN at this occasion:

"On behalf of the Old Boys Network, an international autonomous cyberfeminist networking organisation, we offer this acknowledgement to Vuk Cosic. We congratulate Vuk on his success on bringing net.art to the venice biennale, which definitely is one of the pinnacles in his career. additionally he has curated the first temporary autonomous pavillion ever at a biennale. we honour Vuk in using his powerful position not just to represent slovenia and bring his personal net.art position to this prestigious international event, but also to show the positions of his net.art colleagues. we wish him well in his future responsibilities to the net art community.“

Photo: Herbert Hossmann, CC BY-NC-SA.

A bouquet of flowers given to Vuk Cosic by the Old Boys Network during the 2001 Venice Biennale. Exhibited as part of the exhibition Written in Stone: A Net.Art Archaeology at the National Museum of Contemporary Art, Oslo, 2003. Photo: Cornelia Sollfrank.

Living resource on net art, internet art, net-based art, net-based installations, web art, web-based art.

Artists, writers, organisations, events

• 0100101110101101.org
• Annie Abrahams
• Mark America
• Artnode
• Rachel Baker
• Aram Bartholl
• Tilman Baumgärtel
• Joachim Blank
• Natalie Bookchin
• Mez Breeze
• Heath Bunting
• Eric Butler
• Jennifer Chan
• Young-Hae Chang Heavy Industries
• Community servers
• CONT3XT.NET
• Vuk Ćosić
• Annet Dekker
• Julien Deswaef
• Eleonora Oreggia
• Entropy8Zuper!
• Dragan Espenschied
• Etoy
• Fffff.at
• Luka Frelih
• Auriea Harvey
• Irational.org
• Karl Heinz Jeron
• Lisa Jevbratt
• Jodi
• Jodi.org
• Yael Kanarek
• Chris King
• Konsum
• Tobias Leingruber
• Les Liens Invisibles
• LI-MA
• Olia Lialina
• Jonas Lund
• Frédéric Madre
• Nancy Mauro-Flude
• !Mediengruppe Bitnik
• Moddr
• Mark Napier
• Net condition
• Nettime
• Panke.gallery
• Jacques Perconte
• Rhizome
• RTMark
• Sakrowski
• Servers
• Alexei Shulgin
• Cornelia Sollfrank
• Thomson & Craighead
• Turbulence
• UBERMORGEN
• Zentrum für Netzkunst

Events

• Net.art per se, conference, Trieste, 1996.

• Secret Net.Art Conf, Backspace, London, 29 Jan 1997. Organised by Heath Bunting. Part of Anti with E lecture series.

• Hybrid Workspace, part of documenta X exhibition, Museum Fridericianum, Kassel, 21 Jun-28 Sep 1997.

• net_condition: Art and Global Media, exhibition, ZKM Karlsruhe, 23 Sep 1999-27 Feb 2000.

• Envy: Can the Center Hold? (net.art per se), panel as part of Sins of Change: Media Arts in Transition, Again symposium, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, 8 Apr 2000.

• Liquid Hacking Laboratory, Albrecht Dürer Gesellschaft Kunstverein, Nürnberg, 22 Sep-22 Oct 2000. Images.

• Art and Money Online, exhibition, Tate Modern, London, 6 Mar-3 Jun 2001. Curated by Julian Stallabrass.

• Absolute One, Slovenian Pavilion, Venice Biennale, 6 Jun-30 Sep 2001.

• Art.Bit Collection, exhibition and symposia, InterCommunication Center, Tokyo, 21 Jun-11 Aug 2002. Curated by Masaki Fujihata and Kouichirou Eto. [1]

• Art for Networks, exhibition, Chapter Gallery, Cardiff, Sep 2002. Curated by Simon Pope. [2] [3]

• Skrevet i stein. En net.art arkeologi / Written in Stone: A Net.Art Archaeology, National Museum for Contemporary Art, Oslo, 22 Mar-25 May 2003. Curated by Per Platou with Anne Lise Wullum and Grethe Melby. Catalogue published.

• Connessioni Leggendarie: Net.Art 1995-2005, exhibition, Mediateca di Santa Teresa, Via della Moscova, Milan, 20 Oct-10 Nov 2005. Curated by Domenico Quaranta. Interview with curator (Digicult).

• Tele-Internet, Ars Electronica, Linz, 2010. Curated by Aram Bartholl.

• WJ-Spots / Mal au Pixel Festival, conference on the history and the future of the internet, Paris, Jun 2011.

• Internet Art Future: Reality in Post Internet Era, exhibition and symposium, InterCommunication Center, Tokyo, 28 Jan-18 Mar 2012. [4] [5]

• ArtOnYourScreen, online exhibition platform, ZKM, 14 May 2014-31 Dec 2016. [6]

• net.art Painters and Poets, exhibition, City Art Gallery, Ljubljana, Jun-Aug 2014. Curated by Vuk Ćosić and Alenka Gregorič.

• Electronic Superhighway (2016-1966): From Experiments in Art and Technology to Art After the Internet, exhibition, Whitechapel Gallery, London, 29 Jan-15 May 2016. Curated by Omar Kholeif. Reviews: Fuller (Mute), Meixnerová (Iluminace, CZ).

• ARS17 Hello World! Taide internetin jälkeen / Art After the Internet, exhibition, Kiasma, Helsinki, 31 Mar 2017-14 Jan 2018. [7] [8]

• Virtual Normality: Female Net Artists 2.0, exhibition, Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig, 12 Jan-8 Apr 2018. Curated by Sabrina Steinek and Anika Meier. Review: Weier (Springerin).

• Art in the Age of the Internet, 1989 to Today exhibition, ICA Boston, 7 Feb-20 May 2018. Curated by Eva Respini and Jeffrey De Blois.

• Berlin, Zentrum der Netzkunst - damals und heute, exhibition, panke.gallery, Berlin, 4 Oct-23 Nov 2018. Curated by Robert Sakrowski and Tabea Rossol. Organised by Zentrum für Netzkunst. [9]

• The Art Happens Here: Net Art's Archival Poetics, exhibition, New Museum, New York, 22 Jan-26 May 2019. Based on Rhizome's Net Art Anthology programme. Curated by Michael Connor with Aria Dean. [10]. Review: Huang (Ocula).

• Opencoil, exhibition, Haus der Statistik, Berlin, 16 Oct-1 Nov 2020. Organised by Zentrum für Netzkunst. [11]

• Calculating Control: (Netz)kunst und Kybernetik, exhibition, symposium and (un)conference, Haus der Statistik & panke.gallery, Berlin, 30 Apr-31 Oct 2021. Organised by Zentrum für Netzkunst.

• Docu & Demo: Exhibition on Archiving Programmed Media Art, exhibition and workshop, Collegium Helveticum, Zürich, 15-29 Feb 2024. Organised by Inge Hinterwaldner.

• From Net, City, World to Cloud, Market, Sea: Following the Metaphor, /rosa, Berlin, 21 Feb-27 Mar 2024. Curatorial concept: Tereza Havlíková, Julia Kochanek, Anneliese Ostertag. [12]

Catalogues

• Net_Condition: Art and Global Media, eds. Timothy Druckrey and Peter Weibel, MIT Press, 2000, 398 pp, IA. Exh. held at ZKM Karlsruhe, 23 Sep 1999-27 Feb 2000. Publisher.
  • Net_Condition. Kunst / Politik im Online-Universum, Karlsruhe: ZKM, 1999, 42 pp. Exh. brochure. Publisher. (German)

• Art for Networks, eds. Hannah Firth and Simon Pope, Cardiff: Chapter, 2002, 44 pp.

• Skrevet i stein. En net.art arkeologi / Written in Stone: A Net.Art Archaeology, ed. Per Platou, Oslo: National Museum for Contemporary Art, 2003. Exh. held 22 Mar-25 May 2003. (Norwegian)/(English)

• Connessioni leggendarie: net.art 1995-2005, ed. Luca Lampo, Milan: ready-made, 2005, 117 pp. [13] (Italian)

• Net art 0.1: desmontajes, Badajoz: Consejería de Cultura y Turismo/Junta de Extremadura, 2009, 154 pp. Exh. held at MEIAC, Museo Extremeño e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporáneo, Badajoz, 21 Nov-28 Feb 2009. (Spanish)/(English)

• Powered by Ljudmila, eds. Alenka Gregorič and Keiko Suzuki, Ljubljana: Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana / City Art Gallery Ljubljana, 2011, 96 pp. [14] [15] [16] (Slovenian)/(English)

• Virtual Normality. Der weibliche Blick im Zeitalter des Internets, ed. Alfred Weidinger, VfmK, 2018, 208 pp. [17] (German)/(English)

• Art in the Age of the Internet, 1989 to Today, ed. Eva Respini, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018, 316 pp. Exh. held at ICA Boston, 7 Feb-20 May 2018. Review: Federici (CAA).

• The Art Happens Here: Net Art Anthology, eds. Michael Connor, Aria Dean, and Dragan Espenschied, forew. Zachary Kaplan, intro. Michael Connor, New York: Rhizome, 2019, 444 pp. Essays by manuel arturo abreu, Josephine Bosma, Megan Driscoll, Ceci Moss, Lila Pagola, Paul Soulellis, Elvia Wilk. TOC. [18] [19]. Reviews: Quaranta (Camera Austria), Weisburg (Brooklyn Rail).

Online exhibitions and databases

• Turbulence.org, a premiere web site for net art. From 1996-2016, Turbulence.org commissioned over 220 original net, web and hybrid art works and hosted over 20 real-time, multi-location performances.

• äda 'web, platform for online artworks, experimental literature, publishing, and exhibitions. Run by Benjamin Weil and collaborators, 1994-1998. äda 'web in Net Art Anthology (2019).

• net-art.org, an online-only exhibition of the early (and continuous) history of Internet art. Initiated 1998 by Andrew Forbes. Interview, 2001. Twitter. FB.

• Rhizome ArtBase, archive of digital art, freely accessible to the public online. Founded 1999. Catalog. Relaunch events (2021). Relaunch announcement. Original website (until 2021).

• Net Art Anthology. Presented by Rhizome, 2016-2019. Retelling the history of Net Art from the 1980s through the present day by restaging and contextualizing one key net art project per week. [20]

• New Black Portraitures, browser-based exhibition, 2017. Curated by Aria Dean as part of Rhizome's Net Art Anthology. [21] [22]

• netart-Datenbank, est. 2000, active through c.2005. Team: Nina Kahnwald, Anna Kohler, Tilman Linden, Thomas Noesler, Sakrowski.

• Pixel Plunder©, online exhibition on notions of authorship and copyright, curated by Michael Alstad and Michelle Kasprzak, 2001. [23] [24]

• project.Arnolfini, curated by Geoff Cox, 2010.

• netpioneers.info: contextualizing early net-based art, research project realized at the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Media.Art.Research., Linz, 2007-2009. (archived). Book published.

• Gallery 9, Walker Art Center's online exhibition space. Between 1997 and 2003, under the direction of Steve Dietz, Gallery 9 presented the work of more than 100 artists.

• Net art commissioned by Guggenheim Museum, 1996-c.2002. (archived)

• E.space, online projects commissioned by SFMOMA. Launched 2000. Created by Benjamin Weil with Joseph Rosa. [25] (archived)

• Artport. Whitney Museum's portal to Internet art and an online gallery space for commissions of net art and new media art. Originally launched in 2001, Artport provides access to original art works commissioned specifically for artport by the Whitney; documentation of net art and new media art exhibitions at the Whitney; and new media art in the Museum's collection. Created and curated by Christiane Paul. Made an official part of the Whitney Museum collection in 2015. [26]

• Tate Intermedia Art, contains the archive of Tate's net art projects from 2000-2011. [27]

• BAM/PFA NetArtchive, online exhibition. Presented works by four artists. (archived)

• Net.Specific, an online exhibition space for net art, Museum of Contemporary Art, Roskilde, Denmark. Launched Oct 2012.

• netart_latino database, a database of Latin-American net artists. Edited by Brian Mackern.

• Histories of Internet Art: Fictions and Factions, an online-only exhibition of the early history of Internet art; produced by students of digital art at the University of Colorado's Art and Art History Department, in conjunction with the Alt-X Online Network, ATLAS and blurr.

• net.artdatabase.org, documentation of selected internet-based artworks by recording users in front of their screens as they interact with the work.

• netartnet.net, an online-gallery listing and directory. The archive contains current and past exhibitions with dates, links, and press releases.

• Netarts.org, 1995-2014.

• Why Not Sneeze, eds. Michael Gibbs and Brigitte van der Sande, 1996-1998.

• Overview of network art projects and events, compiled by Dušan Barok, 2008.

• NETescopio: net art viewer of the MEIAC museum, on-line archive in continual development dedicated to the conservation of works of art generated for the web, est. 2008.

• Sunrise/Sunset, series of Internet art projects commissioned by Whitney Museum, since 2009

• Digital Canon, 20 works from the Netherlands, 1960-2000, launched 2019. Compiled by LIMA.

• The Wrong, digital art biennale, online & worldwide, since 2013. Incl. Very Large Works online show, 2019-2020.

• We=Link: Ten Easy Pieces, Chronus Art Center Special Online Exhibition, since 30 Mar 2020. Curated by Ga Zhang. [28]

• Conflict in My Outlook: We Met Online, online exhibition, University of Queensland Art Museum, 21 Aug 2020-1 Mar 2022. Curated by Anna Briers.

• We=Link: Sideways, A Chronus Art Center (CAC) exhibition, Shanghai, 21 Nov 2020-23 Mar 2021. Curated by Ga Zhang. [29]

• Gallery 404, exhibits net.art as it appears today - exclusively specializing in broken artworks, launched Nov 2020, run by David Schmudde. [30]

• netzspannung.org, 2001-?.

• Internet-related works in Media Art Net.

• Garage Digital, online program for born-digital artworks and research projects created in collaboration with Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, Moscow, 2019-. [31]

• 2020 Do Not Link, group exhibition, Upstream Gallery, 12-28 Jun 2020. Curated by Dirk Paesmans and Bob Bicknell-Knight.

• openAR, platform for AR art, featuring online exhibitions. Founded 2021 by Sakrowski and Jeremy Bailey.

• selection of works from 2007-2011 : Les Liens Invisibles, subvertr, 2007 ; Theo Watson, Jamie Wilkinson, and Greg Leuch, fuckflikr, 2008 ; Aram Bartholl, Evan Roth, tbx (fffff.at), China Channel , 2008 ; tbx and Timo Klok, Pirates of the Amazon, 2008 ; moddr, Web 2.0 Suicide Machine, 2009; Les Liens Invisibles, Seppukoo, 2009; Owen Mundy, Give Me My Data , 2009 ; Les Liens Invisibles, Repetitionr, 2010; Eric Butler, Firesheep, 2010; Dušan Barok, FaceLeaks, 2010 ; Julian Oliver, Danja Vasilev, Newstweek , 2011; David Darts, Piratebox , 2011 ; &, motivo astratto, 2011 ; Julien Deswaef, Love Machine, 2011.

• Links to net art, compiled by Jim Andrews (VISPO).

• more, more

Books

• Tilman Baumgärtel, net.art. Materialien zur Netzkunst, Nürnberg: Verlag für moderne Kunst, 1999, 179 pp. [32] (German)
  • Tīkla māksla, trans. Ilva Skulte, Riga: Petergailis, 2001, 168 pp. (Latvian)
  • Net.art: võrgukunsti materjalid, trans. Medea Jerser, Tallinn: Eesti Kunstiakad, 2006, 367 pp. (Estonian)

• Institut für moderne Kunst Nürnberg, Verena Kuni (eds.), netz.kunst. Jahrbuch des Institutes für Moderne Kunst Nürnberg '98/'99, Nürnberg: Verlag für moderne Kunst, 1999, 272 pp. [33] (German)

• Margarete Jahrmann, OK Offenes Kulturhaus OÖ (eds.), Art_Server: Stargate to Netculture: Texts and Positions on Netculture and Netart in O.K Center for Contemporary Arts, Linz: O.K Center for Contemporary Arts, 2000, 75 pp. [34] (German)/(English)

• Hans-Jörg Bullinger, Thomas Renner, Anette Weisbecker (eds.), Net Art Guide, Stuttgart: Fraunhofer IRB, 2000, 288 pp. Excerpt. Publisher. [35] (English)/(German)

• Tilman Baumgärtel, net.art 2.0. Neue Materialien zur Netzkunst / New Materials on Art on the Internet, trans. David Hudson, Nürnberg: Verlag für moderne Kunst, 2001, 263 pp. Author. (German)/(English)

• Julian Stallabrass, Internet Art: The Online Clash Between Culture and Commerce, London: Tate Publishing, 2003, 168 pp. Reviews: Stimson (NLR), Gere (Art Book).

• Marco Deseriis, Giuseppe Marano, Net.art. L'arte della connessione, Milan: ShaKe, 2003, 218 pp. [36] (Italian)

• NTNTNT, ed. Jason Brown, Valencia, CA: California Institute of the Arts, School of Art, 2003, 339 pp, IA.

• Domenico Quaranta, Net art 1994-1998. La vicenda di Ada'web, Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 2004, 192 pp. [37] [38] (Italian)

• Rachel Greene, Internet Art, London: Thames & Hudson, 2004, 224 pp. [39]
  • Internet Art, n.d. (Italian)

• Simon Yuill, Kerstin Mey (eds.), Cross-Wired: Communication, Interface, Locality, Dundee: University of Dundee, and Manchester: University of Manchester, 2004, 143 pp, IA.

• Joanne Richardson (ed.), An@rchitexts: Voices from the Global Digital Resistance, New York: Autonomedia, 2005.

• Annmarie Chandler, Norie Neumark (eds.), At a Distance: Precursors to Art and Activism on the Internet, MIT Press, 2005, xiv+486 pp.

• Tatiana Bazzichelli, Networking. La rete come arte, pref. Derrick de Kerckhove, Milan: Costa & Nolan, 2006, 333 pp. (Italian)
  • Networking: The Net as Artwork, Aarhus: Aarhus University, 2008, 336 pp.

• Tom Corby (ed.), Network Art: Practices and Positions, London: Routledge, 2006, xiv+206 pp. Introduction. [40]. Review: Dieter (Animation).

• Inclusiva-net, 3 vols., Madrid: Medialab Prado, 2007-2009. Proceedings. (English)/(Spanish)

• Artnode (Jacob Lillemose, Nikolaj Recke) (eds.), Vi elsker din computer. En antologi om netkunst, trans. Andreas Brøgger, Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademis Billedkunstskoler, 2008, 429 pp. An anthology of writings on net art. TOC. [41] [42] [43] (Danish)

• Dieter Daniels, Gunther Reisinger (eds.), Net Pioneers 1.0: Contextualizing Early Net-Based Art, Berlin/New York: Sternberg Press, 2010, 240 pp.

• Josephine Bosma, Nettitudes: Let's Talk Net Art, Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, and Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2011, 270 pp, IA. Introduction, TOC, [44]. Review: Kluitenberg (Open!), Ciociola (Neural), Cippitelli (Digicult).

• Anne Laforet, Le net art au musée. Stratégies de conservation des œuvres en ligne, Paris: Questions théoriques, 2011, 180 pp. Excerpt. Based on 2009 dissertation. [45] [46] (French)

• Markus Schwander, Reinhard Storz (eds.), Owning Online Art: Selling and Collecting Netbased Artworks, Basel: FHNW, 2010.

• Rasa Smite, Creative Networks: In the Rearview Mirror of Eastern European History, Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam, 2012. First published in Latvian, 2011.

• xtine burrough (ed.), Net Works: Case Studies in Web Art and Design, Routledge, 2012, xx+242 pp.

• Juan Martín Prada, Prácticas artísticas e internet en la época de las redes sociales, Madrid: Akal, 2012, 248 pp; 2nd ed., 2015, 271 pp. (Spanish)

• Phoebe Adler, Leanne Hayman, Arrate Hidalgo, Dana Saey, Phoebe Stubbs, Nick Warner (eds.), Art and the Internet, London: Black Dog, 2013, 240 pp. TOC. [47]

• Marina Zerbarini, et al., Radiografía del Net Art latino: vitalidad creativa en riesgo de extinción, Buenos Aires: Dunken, 2014. [48] [49] [50] (Spanish)

• Omar Kholeif (ed.), You Are Here: Art After the Internet, Manchester: Cornerhouse Books, and London: SPACE, 2014, 256 pp. Publisher, Co-publisher. Reviews: Swift (AQNB), Sumpter (ArtReview), Mutlu (J Curatorial Studies).

• Melanie Bühler (ed.), No Internet, No Art: A Lunch Bytes Anthology, Eindhoven: Onomatopee, 2015, 351+[63] pp; 2nd ed., 2018. Publisher, Editor. [51]. Reviews: Kay (AQNB), Roestenburg (INC).

• Marie Meixnerová (ed.), #mm net art: internetové umění ve virtuálním a fyzickém prostoru prezentace, Olomouc: Pastiche Filmz (PAF Edition), 2014, 232 pp. Anthology. Publisher, [52]. Facebook. (Czech)
  • #mm Net Art: Internet Art in the Virtual and Physical Space of Its Presentation, Brescia: Link Editions, and Olomouc: PAF, 2019, 218 pp. [53]

• Lauren Cornell, Ed Halter (eds.), Mass Effect: Art and the Internet in the Twenty-First Century, MIT Press, 2015, 528 pp. Anthology. Publisher. Review: Galati (Leonardo).

• Annet Dekker, Collecting and Conserving Net Art: Moving beyond Conventional Methods, New York: Routledge, 2018, x+192 pp.

• Ceci Moss, Expanded Internet Art: Twenty-First Century Artistic Practice and the Informational Milieu, Bloomsbury Academic, 2019, 160 pp. [54]

Journal issues

• kritische berichte 26(1): "Netzkunst", eds. Christoph Danelzik-Brüggemann, Annette Dorgerloh, Brigitte Schoch-Joswig, and Michael Scholz-Hänsel, 1998. TOC, [55]. (German)

• AI & Society 14(1): "Database Aesthetics: Issues of Organization and Category in Online Art", ed. Victoria Vesna, 2000.

• Brumaria 6: "Net.art. Prácticas estéticas y políticas en red", eds. Laura Baigorri and Lourdes Cilleruelo, Madrid, Spring 2006. TOC. TOC. (Spanish)

• terminal 101: "Net art, technologie ou création?", Paris: Harmattan, May 2008, 176 pp. [56] (French)

• WJ-SPOTS 1: 15 ans de création artistique sur internet / 15 years of web creation, ed. Anne Roquigny, 2011, 132 pp. [57] (French)/(English)

• WJ-SPOTS 2: Les artistes s’emparent du réseau / Artists take over the network, ed. Anne Roquigny, 2011, 132 pp. [58] (French)/(English)

• frieze d/e 14: "Missing Links: '90s Berlin Net Art", May 2014. Focuses on the 1990s Net art scene in Berlin. [59] [60] (German)/(English)

• Springerin 1: "Kritische Netzpraxis", Vienna, Jan 2015. Editorial & TOC. Roundtable. Report from launch debate. (German)

Book chapters, articles, theses, talks, discussions

• Joachim Blank, "Netart", 1996.

• "Net art", section in The Beauty and the East (ZKP4), eds. Pit Schultz, Diana McCarty, Geert Lovink, and Vuk Cosic, Ljubljana, May 1997.

• Tilman Baumgärtel, "Netzkunst bei der Dia Art Foundation", Telepolis, 15 May 1997. (German)

• Sandra Fauconnier, Web-specific art: het World Wide Web als artistiek medium, Ghent: Universiteit Gent, 1997, 132 pp. Thesis. [61] (Dutch)

• Tilman Baumgärtel, "Immaterialien. Aus der Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Netzkunst", Telepolis 3, Sep 1997, pp 135-151. (German)

• Ryszard W. Kluszczynski, "Internet – nowe terytorium ekspresji", CSW Zamek Ujazdowski, c.1997. (Polish)

• Steve Dietz, "Curating (on) the Web", Museums and the Web, Mar 1998.

• Benjamin Weil, "Untitled (ÄDA’WEB): A Brief History of äda'web", Minneapolis, MN: Gallery 9/Walker Art Center, 1998.

• Robert Atkins, "What is äda'web?", Minneapolis, MN: Gallery 9/Walker Art Center, Sep 1998.

• Andrea Scott, "äda through the Looking Glass", Minneapolis, MN: Gallery 9/Walker Art Center, Sep 1998.

• Vivian Selbo, "ah, ‘da Process” ... Questions? Some Answers ...", Minneapolis, MN: Gallery 9/Walker Art Center, Sep 1998.

• Tilman Baumgärtel, "Das imaginäre Museum. Zu einigen Motiven der Netzkunst", Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Oct 1998, 47 pp, PDF. Discussion paper. (German)

• "Art", section in Read Me! ASCII Culture & The Revenge of Knowledge. Filtered by Nettime, New York: Autonomedia, 1999, pp 211-273.

• Mindaugas Gapsevicius, "Vanishing Net Art: Introduction to Net Art Restoration", 1999.

• Steve Dietz, "Why Have There Been No Great Net Artists?", 1999.

• Natalie Bookchin, "A Story of Net Art", 2000. Timeline, 1994-2000.

• Matthew Fuller, "Art meet Net, Net meet Art", Tate Online, London, 2000.

• Josephine Berry, "Human, all too Posthuman? Net Art and Its Critics", Tate Online, London, 2000.

• Rachel Greene, "Web Work: A History of Internet Art", Artforum, May 2000, pp 162-167 & 190. [62] [63]

• Dušan Barok, "Net.art. Internet ako umelecké médium", 3/4 magazine 1, Bratislava: Atrakt Art, 2001. (Slovak)

• Josephine Berry, The Thematics of Site-Specific Art on the Net, Manchester: University of Manchester, 2001, 304 pp. PhD thesis. [64]

• Verena Kuni, "'Was ist ein Netzkünstler?' Nutzen und Nachteil der Legende vom Künstler im Zeitalter ihrer techno-logischen Reproduzierbarkeit", in Borderline. Strategien und Taktiken für Kunst und soziale Praxis, ed. BBK Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, 2002, pp 87-108. [65] (German)

• Bartłomiej Gutowski, "Sztuka sieci, czyli net art"], Artifex 4, May 2002, pp 25-29. (Polish)

• Julian Stallabrass, "The Aesthetics of Net.Art", Qui Parle 14:1, Fall/Winter 2003, pp 49-72. A plenary lecture given to the American Society for Aesthetics, Annual Meeting, San Francisco, Oct 2003, (talk).

• Christine Paul, "Internet Art and Nomadic Networks", in Paul, Digital Art, London: Thames & Hudson, 2003, pp 111-124; repr., upd., as "Internet Art and Networked Art", in Paul, Digital Art, 3rd ed., 2015.

• Steve Dietz, "äda’web", in Bits & Pieces Put Together to Present a Semblance of a Whole: Walker Art Center Collections, eds. Joan Rothfuss and Elizabeth Carpenter, Minneapolis, MN: Walker Art Center, 2005.

• Josephine Berry Slater, "Bare Code: Net Art and the Free Software Movement", in Engineering Culture, eds. Geoff Cox and Joasia Krysa, New York: Autonomedia, 2005, pp 133-149.

• Inge Hinterwaldner, "When Windows Attack... Doors Won't Help. Zur Hinterfragung von Bildlichkeit und Interaktivität in der Netzkunst", in Kulturen des Bildes, eds. Birgit Mersmann and Martin Schulz, Munich: Fink, 2006, pp 355-374. (German)

• Karen Verschooren, "Internet art, net art, and networked art in relation: Interview with Jon Ippolito", 26 Oct 2006.

• Karen A. Verschooren, .art: Situating Internet Art in the Traditional Institution for Contemporary Art, Massachussetts Institute of Technology, 2007, 202 pp. Master thesis.

• Steve Dietz, "Curating Net Art", in New Media in the White Cube and Beyond: Curatorial Models for Digital Art, ed. Christiane Paul, University of California Press, 2008. [66]

• "Net Art", in Wolf Lieser, Digital Art, Potsdam: Ullmann, 2009; repr. as The World of Digital Art, Potsdam: Ullmann, 2010.

• Anne Laforet, La conservation du net art au musée. Les stratégies à l’œuvre, Avignon: University of Avignon, 2009. Published as book in 2011. (French)

• Tina Mariane Krogh Madsen, Keeping Ephemerality Alive: Preserving the Dynamic Materiality of Net Art, Aarhus: University of Aarhus, 2010. Master's thesis. [67]

• Cassandra Meers, Assembling Networked Art: A Study of the US, UK and Australia, Sydney: University of New South Wales, 2010, 264 pp. PhD dissertation.

• Mary Flanagan, "Play, Participation, and Art: Blurring the Edges", in Context Providers: Conditions of Meaning in Media Arts, eds. Margot Lovejoy, Victoria Vesna, and Christiane Paul, Intellect, 2011, pp 89-100.

• Thomas Dreher, "VI.3 Netzkunst im Web", in Dreher, Geschichte der Computerkunst, Munich, 2011-2012. (German)
  • "VI.3 Net Art in the Web", in Dreher, History of Computer Art, Munich, 2011-2012.

• Jennifer Chan, "From Browser to Gallery (and Back): The Commodification of Net Art 1990-2010", 2012.

• Michael Connor, "What's Postinternet Got to Do with Net Art", Rhizome, 1 Nov 2013.

• Kris Paulsen, "Ill Communication: Anxiety and Identity in 1990s Net Art", in Come As You Are: Art of the 1990s, University of California Press & Montclair Museum of Art, 2014, pp 65-72.

• Antoinette Dekker, Enabling the Future, or How to Survive FOREVER: A study of networks, processes and ambiguity in net art and the need for an expanded practice of conservation, London: Goldsmiths University, 2014. PhD dissertation. Published as a book in 2018.

• Dragan Espenschied, "Big Data, Little Narration", Rhizome, 22 Oct 2014.

• Sarah Cook, Marialaura Ghidini, "Internet Art (Net Art)", in Oxford Art Online, 22 Sep 2015. [68]

• Konrad Becker, Josephine Berry Slater, Felix Stalder, Pauline van Mourik Broekman, "Einsatz der Vernetzung. Ein Roundtable zu 20 Jahren Netzkultur", trans. Thomas Raab, Springerin 1: "Kritische Netzpraxis", 2015; reposted on Eurozine, 11 Feb 2015. (German)
  • "Mission Interconnectedness: A Roundtable on 20 Years of Net Culture", Springerin online, 2015; reposted on Eurozine, 17 Mar 2015, PDF.

• Marialaura Ghidini, Curating Web-based Art Exhibitions: Mapping their Migration and Integration with Offline Formats of Production, University of Sunderland, 2015, 294 pp. PhD dissertation.

• Karin De Wild, et al., "Methods for studying the (after)lives of Internet art" (cont.), list discussion, CRUMB, 14 Nov-31 Dec 2016. Introduction.

• Megan Driscoll, "Color Coded: Mendi + Keith Obadike’s Black.Net.Art Actions and the Language of Computer Networks", The Black Scholar 47(3): "Black Code", 2017, pp 56-67.

• Emmanuel Guez, Morgane Stricot, Lionel Broye, Stéphane Bizet, "The Afterlives of Network-Based Artworks", Journal of the Institute of Conservation 40:2, 2017, pp 105-120.

• Gloria Sutton, Zachary Kaplan, "A Performance of Code: Rhizome and the Rise of Internet Art", VoCA Journal, 30 June 2017. Interview.

• Lia Carreira, Experimental Curating in Times of the Perpetual Beta: Strategies and Platforms for Online-based Art, Krems: Danube University Krems, 2017, 138 pp. Master thesis.

• Aino Nurmesjärvi, "Beyond Human Understanding: Creating New Language and Visuals on the Web. Commissioned Online Artworks by Jenna Sutela and Tuomo Rainio", FNG Research 1, Jan 2018.

• Karin De Wild, Internet Art and Agency: The Social Lives of Online Artworks, Dundee: University of Dundee, 2018, xvi+206 pp. PhD dissertation.

• Andreas Gajdošík, "Konec průzkumu. Internetové umění v přechodu ke společnosti", Artalk.cz, Prague, 19 Dec 2018. (Czech)

• Marialaura Ghidini, "Curating on the Web: The Evolution of Platforms as Spaces for Producing and Disseminating Web-Based Art", Arts 8:3. PDF.

• Olivia Brum, The Lives of Internet Artworks in Institutions: How to Begin to Construct a Long-term Conservation Strategy, Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 2019, 100 pp. Master's thesis.

• Aude Launay, "The Polyphonic History of Net Art, An Eternal Network?", Zerodeux 89, 2019.

• Nina Mihaljinac, Vera Mevorah, "Broken promises of Internet and democracy: Internet art in Serbia, 1996–2014", Media, Culture & Society 41:6, 2019.

• James Hannan, "Exhibiting net-based art IRL: On the presentational challenges net-based art presents, and the solutions to be found in past exhibitions of cybernetic, conceptual, and net-based artworks", Utrecht: Utrecht University, 2022, 69 pp. Master thesis.

• Francisca Sousa, "Collaborating for Sustainable Access to Digital Art: A Project Overview", Studies in Conservation, Mar 2024.

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Museum collections

Artist	b.	Title, Link	Year	Coll.	Acq.	Coll. no.	Coll. URL	Medium	Dept / Type / Tags	Info
Douglas Davis	US	The World's First Collaborative Sentence	1994-	Whitney	1995	95.253	[69]	Website (HTML)	New Media	[70] [71] [72] [73] [74]
Jean-Baptiste Michel	US	I WISH I could be exactly what you’re looking for	2013	Whitney	2014	2014.96	[75]	Twitter API, LCD screen, spray painted mat board, and glass	New Media	[76]
Siebren Versteeg	US	New York Double Hung	2008	Whitney	2017	2017.241	[77]	Digital collage, output from Internet-connected computer program, with two touch screens	New Media	[78]
Daniela Alina Plewe	DE	Muser's Service	1994	ZKM			[79]	Waterbed, electric heating, pillow, red LED clock module, computer (PC Client), operating system (Linux Ubuntu), custom software with internet access, modified keyboard, computer (PC Server), operating system (Linux Ubuntu), custom software with internet access, TFT monitor, text-to-speech converter (Infovox 700), speaker, amplifier, projector	installation, computer-based, Net Art, Computer-based installation	[80] [81] [82]
Walter van der Cruijsen, Jill Scott	NL, AU	Salon Digital	1995	ZKM			[83]	Custom-made table, three TFT monitors with speakers, glass pane, turnable ring with infrared keyboard and track ball, computer (PC), operating system (Windows)	computer-based, Net Art, Net-based sculpture
Markus Huemer	AT	The Rules Are No Game	1997	ZKM			[84]	Two computers (PC, operating system: Linux, custom software with internet access), video camera, projector, floor plates with screenprint	installation, computer-based, Net Art, Computer-based installation
Cornelia Sollfrank	DE	Net Art Generator	1999	ZKM			[85]	interactive net-based installation; computer workstation (table, chair, computer) and wooden box with server, projection screen; technical equipment: computer (server): PC with graphics and two network cards, operating system: Linux, software: custom software with Internet access, computer (workstation): PC, software: Internet browser; other technical devices: panel and electronics of a TFT monitor, projector, color printer (optional)	computer-based, Net-based sculpture	[86]
Shane Cooper	US	Remote Control	1999	ZKM			[87]	computer (Silicon Graphics O2, operating system: IRIX, custom software), keyboard, mouse, audio effects unit, computer screen, TV screen, custom-made remote control system, TV cabinet, coffee table, sofa, floor lamp, pedestal	computer-based, installation, video, Net-based installation, Computer-based installation	[88] [89] [90]
David Link	DE	Poetry Machine	2001	ZKM			[91]	interactive, net-based installation; room with projection screen, technological equipment: computer: 3 PCs, operating system: Linux, software: Icustom software with Internet access, other devices: modified keyboard on stand, custom electronics, ultrasonic distance sensor, network distributor, 1 plasma monitor, projector, amplifier, 2 passive speakers, mixer	installation, computer-based, Net Art, Net-based installation, Computer-based installation	[92] [93]
Transmute Collective	AU	Intimate Transactions	2005	ZKM			[94]	Two supporting structures for one person each (aluminum, steel, plastic), four computers (Power Max G5), operating system (OSX), custom software, four computers (PC), operating system (Windows), custom software, laptop, operating system (Windows), custom software with internet access, two sound cards (MOTU 828 Mk2), two AD/DA converters (Behringer ADA8000), two custom-made electronic units, two MIDI controllers (Midiman 2x2), four body sensors, two video cameras, two RGB mixers, 16 speakers (active), two subwoofers, two projectors, two projection screens, seven TFT monitors, pedestal, monitor, CF card player, speakers (active)	video, computer-based, installation, Sound installation, Video installation, Net-based installation, Computer-based installation
Marc Lee	CH	Breaking the News	2007	ZKM			[95]	computer (PC), operating system (Windows XP), custom software with internet access, 3 or 4 projectors, 3 or 4 speakers (active)	installation, computer-based, Net-based installation, Computer-based installation, Video installation	[96]
David Bowen	US	tele-present water	2011	ZKM			[97]	Aluminium, wooden sticks, nylon threads, 17 servo motors (Futaba S3004), computer (Macmini, operating system: Mac OSX, software: Max/MSP); wave from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data buoy station 51003	installation, computer-based, Kinetic installation, Computer-based installation, Net-based installation	[98]
Mark Amerika	US	Crapshoot	2013- 2014	ZKM			[99]	website; languages: HTML, CSS, JavaScript	computer-based, Net Art	[100] [101] [102]
Martine Neddam	NL	My DesktopLife	2014	ZKM			[103]	net-based artwork; website, languages: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python	computer-based, Net Art	[104]
Rafaël Rozendaal	NL	Neo Geo City	2014	ZKM			[105]	website, languages: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python	computer-based, Net Art	[106] [107]
Alex Wenger, Max-Gerd Retzlaff	DE	Spuren	2015	ZKM			[108]	1 Computer, 2 Microcontroller, Webserver, 1 Monitor, Software, 1 Sockel	computer-based, Net-based installation	[109]
Leena Krohn	FI	Sphinx or Robot	1997	Kiasma	1997	N-1997-86	[110]		Media Art, Online Art
Juha van Ingen	FI	Web-Safe	1999- 2000	Kiasma	2016	N-2016-32	[111]	Text, Silent	Media Art, Online Art	[112] [113] [114]
Jarkko Räsänen	FI	Ordered Dance	2016	Kiasma	2016	N-2016-44	[115]		Media Art, Online Art	[116]
Tuomo Rainio	FI	Untitled (Gravitational waves)	2016	Kiasma	2016	N-2016-45	[117]	Text	Media Art, Online Art	[118]
Pink Twins	FI	Infinity	2016	Kiasma	2016	N-2016-48	[119]		Media Art, Online Art	[120]
Angelo Plessas	GR	Homo Cybersphericus	2017	Kiasma	2016	N-2016-50	[121]	Text, website	Media Art, Online Art	[122]
Jenna Sutela	FI	Gut-Machine Poetry	2017	Kiasma	2016	N-2016-796	[123]	Text, website	Media Art, Online Art	[124]
Reija Meriläinen	FI	Survivor	2017	Kiasma	2017	N-2017-205	[125]		Media Art	[126]
Robertas Narkus	LT	Prospect Revenge	2019	Kiasma	2019	N-2019-63	[127]			[128]
John F. Simon Jr.	US	Unfolding Object	2002	Guggenheim	2002	2002.16	[129]	Interactive networked code (Java applet with server database and servlets)	Internet Art	[130] [131]
Mark Napier	US	net.flag	2002	Guggenheim	2002	2002.17	[132]	Interactive networked code (Java applet with server database)	Internet Art	[133] [134]
Shu Lea Cheang	TW	Brandon	1998- 1999	Guggenheim	2005	2005.44	[135]	Interactive networked code (html, Java, Javascript and server database)	Internet Art	[136] [137]
Lynn Hershman Leeson	US	Agent Ruby	1999- 2002	SFMOMA	2008	2008.230	[138]	web project	digital media	[139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] [145]
Julia Scher	US	Predictive Engineering2	1998	SFMOMA	2008	2008.231	[146]	web project	digital media	[147]
Harrell Fletcher and Miranda July, Harrell Fletcher, Miranda July, Yuri Ono	US	Learning to Love You More	2002- 2009	SFMOMA	2010	2010.45	[148]	web project (www.learningtoloveyoumore.com) and archive	digital media
Sandra Gamarra	PE	LiMac Museum Shop	2005	Tate	2009	T15217	[149]	Software, networked, internet, colour, laptop; plywood, paint, oil paintings on canvas, coat hangers, t-shirts, mugs, canvas bags, wooden yo-yos, mouse mats, pin badges, printed papers and other materials
Marc Lee	CH	TV Bot 2.0	2010	HEK	2012	S0001	[150]	16:9 flat screen, speaker boxes, computer, Internet browser with flash plug-in, Internet connection, router, cable	Internet Artwork	[151] [152] [153]
Christoph Wachter, Mathias Jud	CH	New Nations	2009- 2011	HEK	2012	S0003	[154]	Router: TL-WR841ND (with handmade aluminum box), operating system OpenWRT Attitude Adjustment 12.09, wooden box, folded leaflet, book	Internet Community Project
UBERMORGEN	AT	Sound of Ebay	2008/ 2009	HEK	2012	S0004	[155]	EBay user data; computer with Internet connection; possibly a screen with a projector	Internet Artwork
Jodi	NL, BE	div. (property)	2013	HEK	2013	S0013	[156]	Source code: HTML, CSS, Javascript; computer, other output devices (projector, screen)	Internet Artwork
Beat Brogle, Philippe Zimmermann	CH	onewordmovie	2003/ 2018	HEK	2016	S0014	[157]	Program code, source code (HTML 5), database, emulator	Internet Artwork
Monica Studer, Christoph van den Berg	CH	filter: four letter words	1997- 1998	HEK	2016	S0015	[158]	For the original version: 726 HTML files and 726 GIF files; for the 2016 version: 726 HTML files, 726 GIF files and 1 CSS file Screen: 640 x 480 px – 1920 x 1080 px; desktop computer, e.g., Netscape 2.0 / Windows 98; HTML 5 or CCS 3 browser, e.g., Firefox 47.0 / Windows XP	Internet Artwork
Monica Studer, Christoph van den Berg	CH	filter: mille miglia	1997- 1998	HEK	2016	S0016	[159]	For the original version: 5 HTML files; for the 2008 version: 5 HTML files; for the 2016 version: 2 HTML files (1 x iframe, 1 x openWindow): Screen: 780 x 280 px; desktop computer, e.g., Netscape 4 / Windows 98; HTML 5 or CCS 3 browser, e.g., Firefox 47.0 / Windows XP	Internet Artwork
Monica Studer, Christoph van den Berg	CH	filter: mixed double	1997- 1998	HEK	2016	S0017	[160]	For the original version: 726 HTML files and 726 GIF files; for the 2016 version: 726 HTML files, 726 GIF files and 1 CSS file Screen: 640 x 480 px – 1920 x 1080 px; desktop computer, e.g., Netscape 2.0 / Windows 98; HTML 5 or CCS 3 browser, e.g., Firefox 47.0 / Windows XP	Internet Artwork
Monica Studer, Christoph van den Berg	CH	travelogue	2005	HEK	2017	S0038	[161]	Web game: Flash-File and HTML pages for Online and Offline use; film of the game: 736 x 506 px, 33’, MP4, AV	Web Game	[162]
Monica Studer, Christoph van den Berg	CH	Hotel Vue des Alpes	2000-	HEK	2017	S0044	[163]	Pentium III, 3-D programs, website with room-reservation system, HTML, PHP, compatible with flash and SQL, vda player	Internet Artwork
Maia Gusberti, Michael Aschauer, Nik Thoenen, Sepp Deinhofer	CH	LOGICALAND V0.1	2002	HEK	2016	S0018	[164]	Web application with Java applet (and HTML/CSS) as front end, and a PHP/MySQL as backend. Current version: 0.11. Used – last tested software: PHP Version 4.3.6, MYSQL 3.23.39	Web Game
!Mediengruppe Bitnik	CH	Download Finished	2006	HEK	2016	S0020	[165]	3 films in PAL MPEG-2, 720 x 576 px format. Website consists of 1420 static pages and 1409 films in HTML5. Web server (Nginx, Apache) with PHP5 enabled; server space: ca. 140 GB	Web Archive, Digital Video
knowbotic research	DE, CH	minds of concern (New York version)	2002	HEK	2016	S0024	[166]	Server: apache, mysql, python script, python cgi scripts; Client: HTMIL, flash (gnash) plugin; unitedwehack.ath.cx	Internet Artwork, Interactive Installation
knowbotic research	DE, CH	macghillie_just a void	2008- 2012	HEK	2016	S0025	[167]	Wordpress Blog, Camouflage-Anzug	Blog, Urban Intervention
Birgit Kempker	DE, CH	Sphinx	2004-	HEK	2017	S0035	[168]		Internet Artwork	[169]
Marc Lee	CH	TV Bot 1.0	2004/ 2005	HEK	2017	S0036	[170]	Original (2004): Data stream from the Internet, 16:9 flat screen, speakers, computer, Internet browser with flash plugin, Internet connection including router, cable. Videos (2005): flash, MP4	Internet Artwork	[171] [172] [173] [174]
John F. Simon, Jr.	US	Every Icon	1997	HEK	2017	S0037	[175]	Software, Java Applet	Internet Artwork	[176]
LAN	CH	TraceNoizer – Disinformation On Demand	2001	HEK	2017	S0047	[177]		Internet Artwork
Gilles Aubry, Stéphane Montavon	DE, CH	Cairo Talking Heads	2006/ 2017	HEK	2017	S0061	[178]	software, website, audio	Blog, Internet Artwork
Martine Neddam	NL	Mouchette	1996-	Stedelijk & MOTI Breda	2016		[179]			[180] [181] [182] [183] [184] [185]

See also the works commissioned by Tate (2000-2011), SFMOMA (2000-) and Whitney (2001-), and the works in Rhizome ArtBase, Net Art Anthology and Digital Canon.

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• Publications on net art at Monoskop Log

	Visual art
Movements – 1990s – East Central Europe – Writers – Historians – Care – Museums – References. Art and culture, Contents, Index, About.