View source for Slovenia

==Avant-garde==
; Artists
* {{:Avgust Černigoj}}
* {{:Ferdinand Delak}}

; Journals
* The journal ''[[La testa di ferro]]'' was created by the core group of the Rijeka futurist [[sheave]] (Fascio Futurista Fiumanense) that, during the D’Annunzio administrating of Rijeka and the Quarnaro Republic (Fiume and Republica di Carnarro, 1919–1921), consisted of [[Mino Somenzi]], [[Guido Keller]] and the journal editor, the poet, writer, diplomat and publicist [[Mario Carli]]. 
* 1921-28, avant-garde activities in Slovenia are linked to the reviews ''[[Svetokret]]'' (1921), ''[[Rdeči pilot]]'' (Red Pilot) (1922); [http://www.dlib.si/results/?pageSize=25&ftype=%C4%8Dasopisje&query=%27rele%253dLjubljanski%2bzvon%27 ''Ljubljanski zvon''] (Ljubljana Bell), ''[[Novi oder]]'' (New Stage) (1924), and {{:Tank}}

; Events
* 1921, Černigoj and Delak introduce constructivist art to Ljubljana.
* 1924, Ljubljana, constructivist art experiments of Avgust Černigoj.
* 1928, Berlin, first exhibition outside Yugoslavia of the Slovenian Constructivist avant-garde.
* exhibition of the Constructivist period, Idria (Slovenia), 1978. Included works by Avgust Černigoj and several of his pupils. Thirteen Constructivist'reliefs were reconstructed on the basis of a series of photographs dating back to 1924 and 1927, a good number of graphic works, primarily linocuts, and twenty original works, primarily stage designs, done in 1926 were shown. An up-to-date and as nearly complete as possible documentation of the whole movement was also presented. A richly illustrated catalogue was published for the occasion with two essays, one by the author and one by the critic Alexander Bassin.

; Writings
{{:Media_art_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_Bibliography|transcludesection=avantgarde-sl-writings}}

; Literature
{{:Media_art_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_Bibliography|transcludesection=avantgarde-sl}}
{{:Media_art_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_Bibliography|transcludesection=avantgarde-yu}}

==Computer and computer-aided art==
[[Sergej Pavlin]] (1970-73)
; Literature
{{:Media_art_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_Bibliography|transcludesection=computerart-sl}}

==Electronic music==
* [[Merzdow Shek]] (Mario Marzidovšek). 'Oldschool industrial'/noise artist and Yugoslav tape culture pioneer. Operated 'Marzidovshek Minimal Laboratorium' (MML) tape label since 1984, 50-60 releases. Self-taught artist, with an interest in painting as well as collaging and xerox-art and a performance artist, organizing a number of happenings and actions. Also made visual and concrete poetry and wrote numerous essays on music and avant-garde art. [http://www.discogs.com/artist/Merzdow+Shek] [http://www.discogs.com/artist/Mario+Marzidovsek] [http://ahogonsindustrialguide.blogspot.com/2007/11/mario-marzidovsek-tapes.html] [http://ahogonsindustrialguide.blogspot.com/2008/10/blog-post.html] [http://ahogonsindustrialguide.blogspot.com/2008/07/and-meanwhile.html] [http://continuo.wordpress.com/2008/01/17/merzdow-shek-suicide-in-america/] [http://ahogonsindustrialguide.blogspot.com/2007/11/mario-marzidovsek-tapes.html]
; Events
* Elektroakustika, lecture and presentation cycle, Maribor, 2008. [http://www.kulturniinkubator.si/si/uho-oko/elektroakustika-0801/] [http://www.kulturniinkubator.si/si/uho-oko/elektroakustika-0802/]
; Resources
* A Hogon's Industrial Guide, 80s Yugoslav non-academic experimentalism blog, industrial music, [http://ahogonsindustrialguide.blogspot.com/]

==Experimental film==
=== Filmmakers===
[[Karpo Godina]]

=== Centres===
{{:Amateur cinema clubs in Yugoslavia}}
* [[Ljubljana Cinema Club]], *1954.
* {{:ŠKUC}}

=== Festivals and exhibitions===
{{:Amateur film festivals in Yugoslavia}}
* "Three Slovenian filmmakers took part in the first [[MAFAF]] in [[1965]]: Vasko Pregelj, Karpo Godina and Jure Prevanje. The Academic Club Odsev won as many as 12 awards for its ''Blues No. 7'' (Pervanje) and ''Divjačina'' (Godina)." (''Sineast'', 1983/84, p 418). 
* Amateur Film Festival of Slovenia 
* Interclub and international festival in Jesenice, 1970s
* [[This Is All Film! Experimental Film in Yugoslavia 1951-1991]], 2010-2011, Museum of Modern Art Ljubljana
* ''As soon as I open my eyes I see a film – Experiment in the Art of Yugoslavia in the 60’s and 70’s'', Museum of Modern Art, Warsaw, 24.4.2008 - 22.6.2008. [http://www.springerin.at/dyn/heft_text.php?textid=2116&lang=en review]

=== Literature===
{{:Media_art_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_Bibliography|transcludesection=expfilm-sl}}
{{:Media_art_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_Bibliography|transcludesection=expfilm-yu}}

==Video art==
===Artists===
; 1970s 
* in Ljubljana: [[Nuša and Srečo Dragan]] [http://www.videodokument.org/dragannusasreco/dragannusasreco.htm], [[Miha Vipotnik]] [http://www.videodokument.org/vipotnik/vipotnik.htm] [http://www.e-arhiv.org/diva/index.php?opt=author&id=8]
; 1980s
* Ljubljana subculture and alternative scene: [[FV 112/15]] group ([[ZANK]] [http://www.e-arhiv.org/diva/index.php?opt=author&id=46] [http://www.videodokument.org/zank/zank.htm], [[Borghesia]]) [http://www.videodokument.org/zank/zank.htm], [[FV Disco]] programme, [[ŠKUC Gallery]].
* [[Marijan Osole-Max]] (ŠKUC-Forum Video, TDS Brut, ATV) [http://www.videodokument.org/osole/osole.htm]; [[Marko A Kovačič]] (Irwin) [http://www.videodokument.org/kovacic/kovacic.htm]; [[Andrej Lupinc]] (aka Keller; Laibach, ŠKUC-Forum Video) [http://www.videodokument.org/lupinc/lupinc.htm]; [[Andrej Zdravič]] (film and video) [http://www.antara.si/] [http://www.videodokument.org/zdravic/zdravic.htm]
* since ca 1987 a new generation of video-makers began to emerge. They considered video technology to be an integral segment of art practices, leading to the realisation of contemporary art works. The former antagonistic relationship to the medium and its institutions (television) and other ideological apparatuses of the state was gradually vanishing.
; 1990s
* [[Nataša Prosenc]] [http://www.videodokument.org/prosenc/prosenc.htm], [[Rok Sieberer-Kuri]] (Strip Core, Media Teror Vision *1995) [http://www.videodokument.org/sieberer/sieberer.htm], [[Peter Vezjak]] (Retrovision/NSK) [http://www.videodokument.org/vezjak/vezjak.htm], [[Mirko Simič]] (Bris, Human Creative Net) [http://www.videodokument.org/simic/simic.htm], [[Marko Košnik]] (Laibach, [[Egon March Institute]] *1986) [http://www.videodokument.org/kosnik/kosnik.htm], [[Marko Peljhan]] ([[Projekt Atol]] *1992, Ljudmila) [http://www.videodokument.org/peljhan/peljhan.htm], [[Ema Kugler]] [http://www.e-arhiv.org/diva/index.php?opt=author&id=15] [http://www.filmannex.com/emakugler] [http://www.videodokument.org/kugler/kugler.htm], [[Jasna Hribernik]] [http://www.videodokument.org/hribernik/hribernik.htm], [[Apolonija Šuštaršič]] [http://www.videodokument.org/sustersic/sustersic.htm], [[Sašo Vrabič]] [http://www.videodokument.org/vrabic/vrabic.htm]

===Works===
* Nuša and Srečo Dragan, ''The White Milk of White Breasts'' (Belo mleko belih prsi, 1969). A static black-and-white shot with changing inscriptions, was the first video in Slovenia and Yugoslavia. At that time, the authors were working within the OHO conceptual art movement and led the Information Centre for Film in Ljubljana. In video's `pioneering' period in the early '70s, they considered and used video - which enabled the immediate screening of images and direct communication with the audience - as an element of their artistic meta-actions, or as a means of documenting. They worked with the Akai and Ikegami equipment, borrowed from the Avtotehna company (Open Reel 2"), or at international video events, such as CAYC: International Open Encounter on Video in Ferarra, Paris, and Barcelona. 
* Majna Sevnik Firšt, ''Echoes'' (Odmevi, 1969). The first experimental dance project for television was important primarily from the viewpoint of fine art interventions in the media, which continued in 1970 with the ''Five Impressions'' (Pet impresij) project.
* Nuša and Srečo Dragan, ''Seven Nights and One Day to the Alpha-Theta Rhythm of the Oral Tradition'' (1974). Seven-day project of collective communication at the 3rd [[Festival of Expanded Media|April Meetings]] in Belgrade. It started with an instruction: `This is a gesture which you must repeat and transmit our gesture to another who will repeat... .' Video was used to provoke the viewer's imagination and to neutralise the static and hermetic character of the conceptual statement. Part of the project was a round table attended by Bogdanka Poznanović (who would later become professor of video at the Academy of Fine Arts in Novi Sad), Braco Dimitrijević, Joseph Beuys and others.
* Miha Vipotnik had the opportunity of working at the studios of TV Slovenia public television since 1976, where he designed the opening credits for different commercial and advertising programmes and editorials. He investigated the structure and aesthetic effects of the electronic image; he `discovered' the feedback effect and started to create video graphic works. 
* The first synthesis of video and theatre - the ''Charades, or Daria'' (Šarada ali Darja, 1976) by the Glej Theatre - included a video by Nuša and Srečo Dragan in two ways: as previously shot material presenting an actress in an open-air setting, and as real-time footage of the stage events, shot and screened during the performance.
* Miha Vipotnik, ''Videogram 4'' (1979). Two-year multi-media project for Slovene public television, which introduced the experimental video genre focused on the manipulation and transformation of the image and on editing. From material shot in a television studio, he made four videotapes for the ''Multi-vision'' (Multivizija, 1979) video installation; the fifth, entitled ''Media-sonia'' (Medijozonija, 1979), was broadcast as an experimental programme on television. It began with information and a warning for viewers that `all disturbances and irregularities in the picture and sound form part of the programme, and therefore they should not try to adjust the picture on their TV sets'. [http://www.videogram4-senzatelevisione.com/home.html] With the layering of picture (double exposure, flowing changes of images, frosen image, solarisation) and sound, the artists and the objects in the television studio merged into electronic sensations - an infinite series of over-illuminated, perforated and broken images. The video was made on the basis of the multimedia project (screening and installation) of the same title, and it was presented as 'the deconstruction of screening' in the framework of experimental programme on television (RTV Ljubljana). [http://www.e-arhiv.org/diva/index.php?opt=work&id=217]
* Since 1979, Vipotnik directed, as an external collaborator of Slovene public television, a number of programmes on culture and music, e.g. 'Yugo-rock' (Jugorock) and 'New Music' (Nova godba), and made the first music video clips in Slovenia. 
* In 1981, the FV 112/15 group (later FV), working within the framework of ŠKD Forum Student Cultural Association (and its video section), took over the organisation of the Student Disco programme on Tuesdays, naming it [[FV Disco]]. They borrowed disused portable video equipment (ADP - Automatic Data Processing) from the Faculty of Arts (department of psychology) and shot on waste computer tapes. They started to document concerts, projects and events at the FV Disco, which operated until 1985, first in the Student Village in Rožna Dolina, then in the Zgornja Šiška Youth Centre, and finally in the K4 Club. Also created art videos. The group was led by Neven Korda and Zemira Alajbegović, with the collaboration of Dario Sereval, Goran Devidé, Anita Lopojda and others. The ''It smelt of Spring'' (Dišalo je po pomladi, 1982) performance at the Spring Festival in Križanke was among the first performances to be shot on video.  In December 1982 the Sunday Video Club commenced operation at the FV Disco. The programme comprised music video, art video, computer animation and film, e.g. The Great Rock'n'Roll Swindle with the Sex Pistols and ''Icons of Glamour - Echoes of Death'' (Ikone glamourja - odmevi smrti) by the [[Meje kontrole št. 4]] group from Ljubljana (Barbara Borčić, Marina Gržinić, Dušan Mandić, and Aina Šmid). 
* Emil Memon shot an ambient video in the spirit of Warhol's films and the Velvet Underground's music, 1981. By means of a special procedure, he later transferred individual video shots onto canvases and presented his creations at an exhibition in the [[ŠKUC Gallery]]. 
* 1983 saw the beginning of extensive video production as part of the clubbing and multi-media activities of the ''Ljubljana subcultural and alternative scene'', related both to mass culture and constructive theoretical practice. In the 80s it went under the name of ŠKUC-Forum video production. The central sites for productive and presentational activities were the [[FV Disco]] (e.g. the presentation of The Kitchen from New York; video clips by Laurie Anderson, Public Image Limited and the like) and the [[ŠKUC Gallery]]. Countless art, documentary and music videos were made that criticised social and cultural policy, dealt with marginal and taboo themes, and disclosed the ideological mechanisms of the state and the aesthetical effects of various art practices. 
* [[The Video Theatre Party]], *1984, operated within the MKC Youth Cultural Club in Koper. Together with [[Radovan Čok]] and [[Lucian Kleva]] it created several multi-media projects (''Reconciliation'' (Sprava), ''Lipstick I'' and ''Lipstick II''), which also included music video clips, e.g. ''Executioner'' (Eksekutor).

===Video magazine and cassettes===
* [[FAVIT]] magazine, *1973, made by FAVIT in collaboration with colleagues from Zagreb (its first editor was [[Vladimir Petek]]), Belgrade, Sarajevo and Novi Sad. It was released on micro-film and magnetic tape and viewed by means of slide projector. Beside others, Braco Dimitrijević and Joseph Beuys were among collaborators of the special international edition, realised for the Eight Yugoslav Artists exhibition in Richard Demarco Gallery in Edinburgh. 
* The first video cassette by [[Borghesia]], entitled ''So Young'' (Tako mladi, 1985), was issued by the FV Editions (led by Zemira Alajbegović, Neven Korda, Aldo Ivančić, Dario Sereval and, since 1988, Monika Skaberne). The second video cassette, ''In Search of Lost Time'' (Iskanje izgubljenega časa, 1985) was presented at the ŠKUC Gallery. 
* In 1988, Brut and FV Editions issued video cassettes under the common title of NEO VIDEO: ŠKUC R.O.P.O.T., Good Morning America, and MAX. 

===Centres and venues===
* [[FAVIT]] Centre for Film, Audio and Video Research TV and VT, 1973-80, founded by Nuša and Srečo Dragan to work on their projects. 
* ŠKD Forum, video section founded in spring 1982. It engaged in the production, distribution and promotion of video art. In May it got its first VHS video equipment, a gift from the Unior factory in Zreče. Its founder and original head was [[Marijan Osole-Max]], and his successors were [[Irma Mežnarič]], [[Radmila Pavlović]], [[Božo Zadravec]], and [[Eva Rohrman]]. 
* [[ŠKUC Gallery]], headed by [[Dušan Mandić]], [[Marina Gržinić]] and [[Barbara Borčić]]. The gallery regularly documented all its projects. The footage was edited in art-documentary videos, entitled ''Back to the USA'', ''Kaleidoscope'', ''ŠKUC Gallery Art Video Bank 83-88'' (Umetniška video banka Galerije ŠKUC 83-88). It also started the [[Video-Box-Bar]], which screened (initially on Saturdays) video tapes chosen by viewers (until 1985). 
* [[Brut]], a U-matic (low band) video-editing studio at Beethovnova Street. Established by Marijan Osole-Max in 1984.
* [[Video Bar]], *1984, operated on Sundays in Kapelica at 4 Kersnikova Street. Visitors could choose and pay for viewing their favourite videos, just as on a jukebox. In addition, London Video Arts and Soft Video from Italy, as well as video ambiences by the [[Kolaps]] and [[Autopsia]] groups, were also presented there. 
* [[Studio 37]], *1986. It engaged in film and video production (initially U-matic, later Beta). It collaborated with Slovene film-makers and did production of its own. Its co-founder and artistic director was [[Jurij Korenc]]. 

=== Events and programmes===
* The [[Video Heads]] group visited Ljubljana on its return from the [[April Meetings]] in 1975. It fascinated everyone with a van full of video technology, and with their works and a video version of the cult film Yellow Submarine by Richard Lester, which was screened for a group of Ljubljana artists in Tomaž Brejc and Taja Vidmar's apartment.
* A screening of works by Miha Vipotnik, and a photo-documentation and screening of works by Nuša and Srečo Dragan, were organised at ŠKUC Student Cultural and Arts Centre (later ŠKUC Gallery) at Stari Trg 21, 1979. Comprehensive catalogue with texts by the artists and Tomaž Brejc was also published for the occasion. 
* A presentation of video works by Richard Krieshe in Cankarjev Dom, 1982.
* [[Media Provocation in the 80s]] exhibition of Yugoslav video art organised by Nuša and Srečo Dragan in the ZDSLU (Association of Societies of Slovene Fine Artists) Gallery, 1982.
* {{:Video CD}}
* In 1983, FV Video presented a spectacular media programme to an audience of several thousand at the Novi Rock/New Rock `83 festival in Križanke. The programme brought together mass entertainment and art through the use of new technologies: columns of TV sets were placed on the stage to `enhance' the stage events, and during breaks they screened music videos, art videos and real-time interviews with members of the bands. All shots were also screened on two large video screens with an independent PA system in the entrance court of Križanke. FV Video documented and produced similar programmes for other events (e.g., a symposium entitled What is Alternative?). And Marijan Osole-Max was in charge of the simultaneous screening of the ''Casus belli'' performance by [[Marko Kovačič]] on two monitors in the window of ŠKUC Gallery for numerous spectators on the street. 
* ''TV Gallery'' (TV galerija), a programme on visual art from RTV Belgrade, since 1984. Included video works by Yugoslav and foreign artists, and also enabled production. Some 60 editions of the programme, edited by [[Dunja Blažević]], were made until 1990. 
* [[New Slovene Visual Scene]] exhibition, Sarajevo, 1984. Organised by [[Radmila Pavlović]]. 
* ''Auto-vision'' (Avtovizija) by Miha Vipotnik and Marijan Osole-Max was the first programme on art video made for RTV Ljubljana, 1986. Video-makers were invited to participate with one-minute videos of their choice. 
* Numerous presentations of Yugoslav video art in European and American centres took place in the second half of the 80s. They were organised by [[Biljana Tomić]], [[Bojana Pejić]], [[Dunja Blažević]], [[Miha Vipotnik]] and [[Kathy Rae Huffman]], and also by Nuša and Srečo Dragan - e.g. La récente production Vidéo en Yougoslavie; Video match France-Yougoslavie in the [[Loža Gallery]] in Koper and the Yugoslav Cultural Centre in Paris. 
* A presentation of ŠKUC-Forum video production at the [[Art - Criticism in the Mid-Eighties]] exhibition at the Collegium Artisticum in Sarajevo, 1986, was organised by Marina Gržinić. 
* In 1987, a promotional programme was shot in the Brut Studio as a model for the future programme scheme of the independent Authorial, or Alternative Television (ATV). The programme was also meant to include the development of video. ATV was supposed to be the only television station besides Slovene public television. It was devised and led - in co-operation with the Union of Socialist Youth of Slovenia, represented by Mojmir Ocvirk - by Bogdan Lešnik, Marijan Osole-Max, Zemira Alajbegović and Irma Mežnarič.
* [[Video Watching Room]] (Videogledalnica) in Kapelica at Kersnikova 4, 1987, organised by FV Video. It was devised as an ATV club - a regular two-hour programme of mainly music videos, screened by means of a video projector. 
* [[The Pluralism of Electronic Media for a Pluralistic Society]], 1987, round table organised in connection with the initiative to found ATV at the Novi Rock festival. The participants - Bogdan Lešnik, Rastko Močnik, Melita Zajc, Lev Kreft, Andrej Škerlep, Darinka Pek, Mojmir Ocvirk, Bogdana Herman and Tadej Zupančič - spoke about the situation in the mass media and investigative journalism. 
* Video Meetings '87 - the Museum of the XIVth Winter Olympic Games, in co-operation with RTV Sarajevo, the best equipped studio in Yugoslavia at that time - enabled numerous artists to realise their works. 
* Presentations of Slovene video production at the Yugoslav Documenta 87 exhibition in Sarajevo, curated by Marina Gržinić, and in Recent Slovene Video Production at the Air Gallery in London, curated by Nuša and Srečo Dragan.
* [[A Fight for Media - ATV and Radio Student East of Freedom]], round table, ŠKUC Gallery, 1988. Included a presentation of the ATV programme and NEO VIDEO editions. 
* [[The Film Video Monitor]] festival, Kino Atelje in Gorizia, *1988. Annually presented film and video production in Slovenia. The third festival was dedicated to the presentation of the ATV project, Retrovizija and art video. It was curated by Nuša and Srečo Dragan.
* In 1989, The Information Centre of the Museum of Modern Art (ICMG) began to work in the museum basement. It organised lectures, round tables and symposia, and engaged in video and new media activities. It was headed by Marjeta Marinčič. It went on to present national video productions (Germany, Canada, Catalonia, Great Britain, Croatia, Russia), selections from international festivals and video collections (Ostranenie, London Video Access, Monte Video TBA, MoMA from New York), and artists such as Bill Viola and Henry Bond. 
* ''The Deconstruction, Quotation & Subversion: Video from Yugoslavia'' programme, 1989, organised and curated by Kathy Rae Huffman. Presented at the Artists' Space in New York and the ICA in Boston.
* ''The Video in Slovenia'' programme, presented at the 17th Week of Domestic Film in Celje and Alpe Adria Cinema event in Trieste, 1989. 
* In 1990, the invitation to tender issued by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia included video for the first time. The Ministry thus became a regular co-financier of art videos in Slovenia. In the `70s and 80s, video production had been part of the fine art programme, and it was only at the end of the `80s that it became part of the film programme. The then Cultural Committee of Slovenia distributed film subsidies through the state-owned Viba studios, including subsidies for the so-called enrichment of television programmes.

===Education===
* 1976, Vipotnik was the first student on the postgraduate course in video art and television, and he argued for the establishment of a video department at the Academy of Fine Arts in Ljubljana.
* A seminar about film - and later also about video techniques - was organised by the Association of Cultural Organisations of Slovenia (ZKOS), 1981. The schedule comprised practical work, but also theoretical lectures and screenings. It was led by [[Peter Milovanovič Jarh]].
* In February 1987 the Ljubljana Academy of Fine Arts introduced a video course (first within the design department and later as an independent subject of study). Miha Vipotnik helped draw up the course, followed by Srečo Dragan (who is still head there). 

===Literature===
{{:Media_art_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_Bibliography|transcludesection=video-sl}}
{{:Media_art_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_Bibliography|transcludesection=video-yu}}

===Collections===
* Artservis Collection, [http://www.zbirka.artservis.org/eng/]

===Resources===
* Chronology of Slovene video art, [http://www.videodokument.org/cronology.htm]
* '''Videodokument''', database of video art in Slovenia 1969-1998, [http://www.videodokument.org/]
* '''Diva''' archive of SCCA-Ljubljana, [http://www.e-arhiv.org/diva/] [http://www.scca-ljubljana.si/diva-concept-and-contents.htm]
* '''Internet Portfolio''', by SCCA-Ljubljana, *1996 [http://www.internet-portfolio.org]

==New media art, Media culture==
; Cities
[[Ljubljana]], [[Maribor]].
; Resources
* Marko Brumen: Intermedia arts in Slovenia - Timeline; Support infrastructure and funding; artists; producers; festivals; training and research; sources and bibliography, [http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/slovenia/Directories/Slovenia_Cultural_Profile/-7645.html]
* Network of multimedia centres of Slovenia: [http://www.m3c.si/dat/M3C/]
* http://www.culture.si/en/Category:New_media_art
* http://www.culture.si/en/New_media_art_timeline

==Art history and art theory==
[[Tomaž Brejc]], [[Barbara Borčić]], [[Marina Gržinić]]


{{Countries}}