View source for Central and Eastern Europe

==Constructivism==
===People===
* 1910s-20s: [[Wassily Kandinsky]] (Moscow/Weimar), [[Kazimir Malevich]] (Moscow/St. Petersburg), [[Naum Gabo]] (Moscow/Berlin), [[Vladimir Tatlin]] (Moscow), [[Alexander Rodchenko]] (Moscow), [[Lajos Kassák]] (Budapest), [[Karel Teige]] (Prague), [[Wladyslaw Strzeminski]] (Warsaw/Lodz), [[Katarzyna Kobro]] (Warsaw/Lodz), [[Mieczyslaw Szczuka]] (Warsaw)

===Networks===
* [[Productivist Group]] and [[VkHUTEMAS]], Moscow, 1920s
* [[Devětsil]], Prague, 1920s
* [[Blok]], Warsaw, 1920s; [[Praesens]], Warsaw, late 1920s; [[a.r.]], Lodz, 1930s
===Places===
; Moscow, 1910s-20s
; Prague, 1920s
; Warsaw, 1920s, and Lodz, 1930s

==Literature, literary theory, aesthetics==
===Terms===
structuralism (1920s, Prague Linguistic Circle), linguistic functionalism (1920s, Prague Linguistic Circle), proletkult (1920s, international), Poetism (1920s, Teige and Nezval), factography (1920s, LEF), aesthetic object (1930s, Ingarden), phoneme (Jakobson), morphophonology (Trubetzkoy), genetic structuralism (1960s, Goldmann), communicative functions (1960s, Jakobson)
===People===
* 1910s-30s: [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]] (Moscow), [[Josip Brik]] (St. Petersburg/Moscow), [[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]] (Moscow/Vienna), [[Viktor Shklovsky]] (St. Petersburg/Berlin), [[Petr Bogatyrev]] (Moscow/Prague), [[Roman Jakobson]] (Moscow/Prague), [[Jan Mukařovský]] (Prague), [[Karel Teige]] (Prague), [[Vítězslav Nezval]] (Prague),  [[Jaroslav Seifert]] (Prague), [[Bedřich Václavek]] (Prague), [[Roman Ingarden]] (Lwow), [[György Lukács]] (Berlin/Moscow/Budapest)
* 1960s: [[Lucien Goldmann]] (Bucharest/Paris), [[Felix Vodička]] (Prague)
===Networks===
* [[Russian Formalists]], Moscow Linguistic Circle and OPOYEZ in St. Petersburg, 1910s-20s
* [[Prague Linguistic Circle]], 1920s-30s
* [[Devětsil]], Prague, 1920s
* [[LEF]], Moscow, 1920s
===Places===
; Moscow, 1910s-20s
; Prague, 1920s-30s

==Experimental film and video art==
===Terms===
montage (1920s, Eisenstein), Kino-Pravda (1922, Vertov), Cine-Eye (1920s, Vertov)
===People===
* 1920s-30s: [[Sergei Eisenstein]] (Moscow), [[Dziga Vertov]] (Moscow), [[Alexander Hammid]] (Prague)
* 1970s-80s: [[Gábor Bódy]] (Budapest/Berlin), [[Jozef Robakowski]] (Lodz), [[Miklós Erdély]] (Budapest), [[Vladimír Havrilla]] (Bratislava), [[Petr Skala]] (Prague)
===Networks===
* [[Balázs Béla Studio]], Budapest, 1961-1980s
* [[Open Form]], Lodz and Warsaw, 1960s-70s
* [[Workshop of Film Form]], Lodz, 1970s
* [[Kinema Ikon]], Arad, 1975-1990
* [[SKUC-Forum]], Ljubljana, 1980s
* [[Necrorealist movement]], St. Petersburg, mid 1980s
* [[Video Salon]], Prague, late 1980s
===See also===
* [[Hungary#Experimental film, avantgarde film]], [[Hungary#Video art]]
* [[Poland#Experimental film, avantgarde film]], [[Poland#Video art]]
* [[Czech Republic#Experimental film, avantgarde film]], [[Czech Republic#Video art]]
* [[Video art in Slovakia (1960s-80s)]], [[Experimental film in Slovakia]], [[Video art in Slovakia (1990s-2000s)]]

==Electronic music==
===Summary===
* Lev Termen, the patriarch of musical electronics, a talented physicist, created Aetherophone (later called the '''Theremin''' or Thereminovox) in 1920 - unsurpassed till now in the family of performing electronic instruments (owing to its keen sound control options).
* Other early instruments include Optothonic piano by Vladimir Rossiné (1916), Sonchromatoskop by Sándor László (1920), colour piano by Zdeněk Pešánek, Sonar by N.Anan'yev (c1930), Ekvodin by V.A.Gurov (1931), Emiriton by A.Ivanov and A.Rimsky-Korsakov (1932). While in the United States, Termen also created Theremin Cello (electric Cello with no strings and no bow, using a plastic fingerboard, a handle for volume and two knobs for sound shaping, c1930), Theremin keyboard (a piano-like device, c1930), Rhythmicon (world's first drum machine, 1931), and Terpsitone (platform that converts dance movements into tones, 1932). In the 1930s, professor E.A.Sholpo established a laboratory for sound synthesis where he developed his '''Variophone''' (1932), a precursor of the synthesizers. A.A.Volodin, a scientist in the field of electronic sound synthesis, designed a whole series of new instruments.
* In Moscow, Eugene Murzin constructed one of the world's first synthesizers in 1955. He named his invention, ANS synthesizer, in honor of Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin, as the ANS worked on the principle of the transformation of light waves into electronic soundings. The compositions created on the ANS in the Moscow Studio of Electronic Music since 1958 played the major role in the development of electronic music in USSR. In the 1960s, the ANS was the only synthesizer in the Union, and became the training ground of a great number of young composers, including one of the most dedicated experimenters in the field of electronic music, Edward Artemyev. Artemyev's compositions are characterized by a constant search for new sounds and by a desire to obtain maximum timbre modification from minimal sound material. In the music for A. Tarkovsky's film  Solaris (1972), Artemyev discovered an entire realm of unusual (for that time) sound effects; he founded a new trend in electronic music that musicologists have named 'space music'. (In 1972 the studio acquired the module synthesizer "SYNTHI-100" of English company "Taylor".)
* Warsaw Autumn Festival initiated by Baird and Serocki presented since 1956 works by Berg, Schönberg, or Bartók;  Stockhausen or Schaeffer visited. Polish Radio Experimental studio was founded by Patkowski in 1957.
* In Czechoslovakia, the first representative Seminar on Electronic Music, organized on the initiative of several Czech and Slovak composers, musicologists and sound technicians, was held at the Research Institute of Radio and Television in Pilsen in 1964. It appeared a miracle to many people interested in this kind of musical creativity. The seminar dealt seriously and manifestly with questions of electronic music, for the first time in Czechoslovak cultural context.  The representative survey on electronic music written by Czech musicologist Vladimir Lebl and published in 1966 was the fundamental theoretical work, followed by his translation of the book "La Musique concrete" by Pierre Schaeffer. Several compositions by the classicists of concrete, tape and electronic music appeared in radio broadcasts in 1965 and the first LP with electronic music pieces by both inland and foreign composers was published as soon as in 1966. Followed by foundation of experimental music studios in Bratislava (1965) and Pilsen (1967).
* During 1950s-70s the number of composers visited New Music courses in Darmstadt (Kotonski, Piňos, Jeney, Sáry), studied and worked with studios WDR Cologne (Kotonski, Eötvös, Dubrovay), GRM Paris (Kotonski, Kabeláč, Piňos, Vidovszky), Munich (Piňos), STEM Utrecht (Kabeláč), or IRCAM Paris (Eötvös).
* Gorizont became known as some sort of Russian version of Kraftwerk, releasing an LP by the "Soviet State" record label Melodia.

===Terms===
musique concréte (1949, Schaeffer, Paris), elektronische Musik (1950, Eimert and Meyer-Eppler, Cologne), New Music, synthesizer (ANS synthesizer, 1955, Moscow; RCA Music synthesizer, 1955), white noise, vocoder, atonal music, serialism
===Studios===
[[Polish Radio Experimental Studio]] Warsaw (1957, Patkowski), [[Experimental studio of electronic music Moscow]] (1958, Murzin), [[Experimentalstudio für künstliche Klang- und Geräuscherzeugung]] Berlin (1962), [[Experimental Studio of Slovak Radio]] (1965, Kolman), [[Experimental Studio of Czech Radio Pilsen]] (1967-94), [[New Music Studio Budapest]] (1970), [[Electro-acoustic Music Studio]] at Academy of Music Krakow (1973, Patkowski), Electronic music studio Sofia (1974), [[Electroacoustic Music Studio of the Hungarian Radio]] Budapest (1975, Decsényi), [[Audiostudio of Czechoslovak Radio Prague]] (1990-94), [[Theremin Center]] Moscow (1992, Smirnov)
===People===
* mid-1950s-60s: [[Jozef Patkowski]] (Warsaw), [[Wlodzimierz Kotonski]] (Warsaw), [[Evgeny Murzin]] (engineer, Moscow), [[Edward Artemiev]] (Moscow), [[Peter Kolman]] (Bratislava), [[Miloslav Kabeláč]] (Pilsen), [[Vladimír Lébl]] (musicologist, Prague), [[Antonín Sychra]] (musicologist, Prague)
* 1970s: [[Péter Eötvös]] (Budapest), [[Zoltán Jeney]] (Budapest), [[László Vidovszky]] (Budapest), [[László Sáry]] (Budapest)
===Places===
; Warsaw, mid 1950s-60s
; Moscow, mid 1950s-60s
; Prague and Pilsen, 1960s
===See also===
* [[Electronic art music]]
* [[Audiovisual tools and instruments]]
* [[Poland#Electroacoustic and experimental music, sound art]]
* [[Electroacoustic music in Slovakia]]
* [[Czech Republic#Electroacoustic and experimental music, sound art]]
* [[Hungary#Electroacoustic and experimental music, sound art]]
* [http://www.amazings.com/featuresnews.html]



==More==
See also [[Media art]]