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'''Karl Raimund Popper''' (28 July 1902, Vienna – 17 September 1994, London) was an Austrian-British philosopher and professor at the London School of Economics. 

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Opponent of application of grand social theories to political practice, which he held would inevitably lead to totalitarianism, Popper is noted for his proposition that any theory must be capable of falsification if it is to be accepted as a valid theory; an opponent of the Logical Positivism for which his hometown of Vienna is famous, Popper developed the concept of “Objective Knowledge”, socially transmitted through institutions, practices and social experience as the foundation of knowledge, as opposed to the individualistic approach of many others concerned with the problems of epistemology and the methodology of science.

Educated at the University of Vienna, Popper emigrated to New Zealand in 1937, teaching at the University of New Zealand in Christchurch and then to England in 1945, where he was granted British citizenship and lived for the remainder of his life. He lectured in Philosophy at University College Cambridge (1937-1945) and in 1969 was appointed an Emeritus Professor at the London School of Economics. He has held a variety of positions and lectured at Universities throughout Europe and America.

Popper’s ''[[#Popper1945|The Open Society and its Enemies]]'' (1945) launched scathing attacks on totalitarian ideology of both Left (in the first volume) and Right (in the second volume published later), and succeeded in making enemies for him in just about every direction. Nevertheless, over time, his insistence that social problems are best solved by piecemeal social engineering rather than grand world-transforming crusades, came to descriptive of what most people were doing, and he gained a wider audience from the early 1960s.

Popper wrote extensively on the history and philosophy of science, his ''[[#Popper1972|Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach]]'' (1972) popularised the concept of “falsifiability” as a criterion of validity of a theory, and developed an epistemology which endeavoured to overcome the subjectivism of the dominant Logical Positivist currents. [https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/p/o.htm#popper-karl (Source)]

==Works==

===Monographs===
* ''[[Media:Popper_Karl_Logik_der_Forschung_1935.pdf|Logik der Forschung: zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft]]'', Vienna: Springer, 1935, 248 pp; [http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=B96EE1F4F9D9A74953388C658198CE58 4th ed.], ed. Herbert Heuth, Berlin: Akademie, 2013. {{de}}
** ''The Logic of Scientific Discovery'', London: Hutchinson, 1959; [http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=109D8C95038CFBF78D422B0A907C1DF2 2nd ed.], Routledge, 2002. {{en}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=438BA77543CBEEAC75F7BE247148237B A lógica da pesquisa científica]'', trans. Leônidas Hegenberg, São Paulo: Cultrix, 1972. {{br-pt}}
** ''Logika naučnog otkrića'', Belgrade: Nolit, 1973. {{sc}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=23e669bb160e099ed0368cc4eade90f6 Logica della scoperta scientifica]'', trans. Mario Trinchero, Torino: Einaudi, 1974. {{it}}
** ''[[Media:Popper_Karl_Logica_cercetarii_1981.pdf|Logica cercetării]]'', trans. Mircea Flonta, Alexandru Surdu and Erwin Tivig, Bucharest: Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1981. {{ro}}
** ''Logika vědeckého bádání'', Prague, 1997. {{cz}}
** ''A tudományos kutatás logikája'', trans. György Petri and Péter Szegedi, Budapest: Európa, 1997. {{hu}}

* ''Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie'' [1930-33], ed. Troels Eggers Hansen, Tübingen: Mohr, 1979. {{de}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=C3EA685C7EA41D13A6BC87112C985402 The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge]'',  trans. A. Pickel, London: Routledge, 2009; repr., 2011. {{en}}

* ''Das Elend des Historizismus'' [1936], 1957. First presented as private reading at a meeting in Brussels, 1936; first published as a series of articles in ''Econometrica'', 1944-1945. {{de}}
** ''Misère de l'historicisme'', Paris: Plon, 1956. {{fr}}
** ''The Poverty of Historicism'', Routledge, 1957, xiv+166 pp; [http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=074d6a311eec4fabf1ead2ef23363c53 2nd ed.], 1961. {{en}}
** ''La miseria del historicismo'', trans. Pedro Schwartz, Madrid: Taurus, 1961; Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1972; 1999; 2006, [http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=36D3FD096563193668E30D1FD00ED120 PDF]. {{es}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=2EA390780068BC1D015C8D4C897EB26E A Miseria do historicismo]'', São Paulo: Cultrix, 1980. {{br-pt}} 
** ''A historicizmus nyomorúsága'', forew. János Kelemen, trans. Tamás Kelemen, Budapest: Akadémiai, 1989. {{hu}}
** ''Bída historicismu'', Prague, 1994. {{cz}}
** ''Zlydennist istorytsyzmu'' [Злиденність історицизму], trans. Vasyl Lisovy, Kyiv: Abrys, 1994, 192 pp. {{uk}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8FB1BF91019D2A6E05F655C29605CA1D Mizeria istoricismului]'', trans. Dan Suciu and Adela Zamfir, Bucharest: All, 1996. {{ro}}
** ''Historicismens elendighed'', Gyldendal, 1996, 228 pp. {{da}}
** ''Nishtetata na istoritsizma'' [Нищетата на историцизма], trans. Kancho Kozhuharov, Sofia: Riva [Рива], 2000. {{bg}}
** ''Historitsismi viletsus'', trans. Hillar Tali, Tallinn: Olion, 2000, 200 pp. {{ee}}
** ''Historicismens elände'', trans. Ola Lindberg, Göteborg: Daidalos, 2002, 160 pp. {{sw}}
 
*{{a|Popper1945}}''[http://monoskop.org/log/?p=8124 The Open Society and its Enemies]'', 2 vols., London: Routledge, 1945, 268 & 352 pp; 2nd ed., 1952; 3rd ed., 1957, xi+322 & v+391 pp; 4th ed., 1962; [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=8124 5th ed., rev.], Routledge, 1966; [http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=374FC01E655D5CA567C98B8099389D69 7th ed.], pref. Václav Havel, note E.H. Gombrich, Routledge, 2002, 920 pp. {{en}}
** ''De vrije samenleving en haar vijanden'', 2 vols., trans. Justus Meijer, Bussum: F.G. Kroonder, 1950. {{nl}}
** ''Die offene Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde'', 2 vols., trans. P. K. Feyerabend, Bern: Francke, 1958; [http://monoskop.org/log/?p=8124 repr.], Munich: Francke, 1975. {{de}}
** ''La società aperta e i suoi nemici'', 2 vols., trans. Renato Pavetto, Rome: Armando, 1973; [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=8124 2nd ed.], 1981, 485 & 548 pp. {{it}}
** ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=8124 A sociedade aberta e seus inimigos]'', 2 vols., trans. Milton Amado, Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, and Sao Paulo: USP, 1974, 394 & 416 pp. {{br-pt}}
** ''Avoin yhteiskunta ja sen viholliset'', trans. Paavo Löppönen, Helsinki: Otava, 1974. {{fi}}
** ''La société ouverte et ses ennemis'', 2 vols., Paris: Seuil, 1979. {{fr}}
** ''I anoichti koinonia kai oi echthroi tis'' [Η ανοιχτή κοινωνία και οι εχθροί της], vol. 1, trans. Ειρήνη Παπαδάκη, Athens, 1980; [https://monoskop.org/log/?p=8124 repr.], Athens, 1991, 577 pp. {{gr}}
** ''Det öppna samhället och dess fiender'', trans. Andrew Casson (v1) and Bo Ekström (v2), Stockholm: Akademilitt, 1980-1981, 355 & 446 pp. {{sw}}
** ''Otkrytoye obshchestvo i yego vragi'' [Открытое общество и его враги], 2 vols., trans. V.N. Sadovsky, et al., Moscow: Kulturnaya initsiativa, and Feniks, 1992, 446 & 525 pp. {{ru}}
** ''Societatea deschisă și dușmanii ei'', 2 vols., trans. Drăgan Stoianovici, Bucharest: Humanitas, 1992; 2nd ed., rev., 2 vols., 2005, [http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=E3E5213B985F0390BB477E95AE6B194A vol. 1]; new ed., 2017, 783 pp. {{ro}}
** ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=8124 Społeczeństwo otwarte i jego wrogowie]'', 2 vols., trans. Halina Krahelska, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1993, 367 & 422 pp. {{pl}}
** ''A sociedade aberta e os seus inimigos'', 2 vols., trans. Anabela Sottomayor, Catarina Labisa, and Teresa Curvelo, Lisbon: Fragmentos, 1993, 339 & 381 pp. {{pt}}
** ''Otvorenoto obshtestvo i negovite vragove'' [Отвореното общество и неговите врагове], trans. Kamen Lozev, afterw. Bogdan Bogdanov, Sofia: Open Society Foundation & Zlatorog, 1993-1994. {{bg}}
** ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=8124 Otevřená společnost a její nepřátelé]'', 2 vols., trans. Miloš Calda, Prague: Oikoymenh, 1994, 354 pp. {{cz}}
** ''Vidkryte suspilstvo ta yoho vorohy'' [Відкрите суспільство та його вороги], trans. Alexander Kovalenko (v1) and Alexander Butenko (v2), Kyiv: Osnovy, 1994, 444 & 494 pp. {{uk}}
** ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=8124 Otvoreno društvo i njegovi neprijatelji]'', 2 vols., 1998, 494 pp. {{bs}}
** ''Açık Toplum ve Düşmanları'', 2 vols., trans. Mete Tunçay and Harun Rızatepe, Ankara: Liberte, 2000?, [https://issuu.com/uguner/docs/karl_r._popper_a____k_toplum_ve_d__ vol. 2]. {{tr}}
** ''A nyitott társadalom és ellenségei'', trans. Péter Szári, Budapest: Balassi, 2001. {{hu}}
** ''Det åbne samfund og dets fjender'', 2 vols., Spektrum, 2001, 413 & 447 pp. {{da}}
** ''[https://monoskop.org/log/?p=8124 La sociedad abierta y sus enemigos]'', 2 vols., trans. Eduardo Loedel Rodríguez, Paidos, 2006, 809 pp. {{es}}
** ''De open samenleving en haar vijanden'', trans. H. Daalder and S. Van Luchene, Rotterdam: Lemniscaat, 2007. {{nl}}
** ''Shoqëria e hapur dhe armiqtë e saj'', 2 vols., Fan. S. Noli, 2009-2012, 294 & 434 pp. {{sq}}
** ''Avatud ühiskond ja selle vaenlased'', Eesti keele Sihtasutus (EKSA), 2010-2011, 587 & 653 pp. {{ee}}
 
* ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'', London: Routledge, 1962, xii+412 pp; [http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=25b2a5ea15a32c7557d54a9f2d68b6e7 repr.], Routledge, 2002. A collection of 21 of Popper's papers on the philosophy of science. Review: [https://sci-hub.se/10.1126/science.140.3567.643 Levison] (Science). {{en}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=28f7d7f66e436e8ef7693376b0ed3aae Conjecturi şi infirmări: creşterea cunoaşterii ştiinţifice]'', trans. Constantin Stoenescu, Dragan Stoianovici and Florin Lobonţ, Bucharest: Trei, 2001, [https://aaaaarg.fail/thing/5db82b009ff37c11546125f3 ARG]. {{ro}}

*{{a|Popper1972}}''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=d6e4ac640998261beb6d8ce21da5f6a3 Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach]'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972; rev.ed., 1979. [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/at/popper.htm] {{en}}
** ''Objektive Erkenntnis'', trans. Hermann Vetter, Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1973. {{de}}

* "Autobiography by Karl Popper", in ''The Philosophy of Karl Popper'', La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing, 1974; repr. as ''Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography'', London: Fontana, 1976; new ed., Routledge, 1992; [http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=D272C0B55532AC63D717ADA74B4B3A88 5th ed.], Routledge, 2002. {{en}}
** ''Ausgangspunkte. Meine intellektuelle Entwicklung'', trans. Friedrich Griese and Karl Popper, Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1979. {{de}}
** ''En intellektuell självbiografi'', trans. Svante Hansson, Lund: Doxa, 1988, 279 pp. {{sw}}
** ''Věčné hledání. Intelektuální autobiografie'', Prague, 1995. {{cz}}
** ''Szüntelen keresés. Intellektuális önéletrajz'', trans. Gábor Pintér and Vera Pintérné Lederer, Budapest: Áron László Könyvkiadó és Kereskedelmi, 1998. {{hu}}
** ''Bezkraynoto trsene: Avtobiografiyata na edin intelektualets'' [Безкрайното търсене: Автобиографията на един интелектуалец], Sofia: Zlatorog [Златорогъ], 1998. {{bg}}
 
* with John C. Eccles, ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=8fc1eba5a141a7740c6237e9ec23de03 The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism]'', London: Springer International, 1977. {{en}}
** ''Das Ich und sein Gehirn'', trans. Angela Hartung, Munich: Piper, 1982. {{de}}

* ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=13D95B2D0FDD1DBBA5A500123697F32A The Open Universe: An Argument for Indeterminism]'', ed. W.W. Bartley III, London: Hutchinson, 1982. Postscript to the ''Logic of Scientific Discovery''. {{en}}

* ''Realism and the Aim of Science'' [1956-57], ed. W.W. Bartley III, London: Hutchinson, 1983; [http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=BA61A9312ECD476C91EDC4C607E47DCC repr.], Routledge, 1996. {{en}}

* ''Auf der Suche nach einer besseren Welt: Vorträge und Aufsätze aus dreißig Jahren'', Munich/Zurich: Piper, 1984; [http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=6e2ea110cb7c8cc035d8868d6257891b 2nd ed.], 1987. {{de}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=5FF7F828C0991376B69DCED7B3D46CC3 In Search of a Better World]'', trans. Laura J. Bennett, London: Routledge, 1994. {{en}}
** ''În căutarea unei lumi mai bune'', trans. Anca Rădulescu, Bucharest: Humanitas, 1998. {{ro}}
** B tŭrsene na po-dobŭr svyat: Lektsii i eseta ot triĭset godini'' [B търсене на по-добър свят: Лекции и есета от трийсет години], trans. Kamen Lozev, Sofia: Kals & Kosmopolit, 2003. {{bg}}

===Lectures===

* ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=946F92748571AAF35F3977D699B9206C A World of Propensities]'', Bristol: Thoemmes, 1990, ix+51 pp. Expanded versions of two lectures given in 1988 and 1989. {{en}}

* ''Knowledge and the Body-Mind Problem: In Defense of Interaction'', ed. Mark Amadeus Notturno, London: Routledge, 1995. Based on lectures delivered by the author at Emory University in 1969. {{en}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=c4eaba2a3a9d66bf141610321426f28f Cunoaşterea şi problema raportului corp-minte. O pledoarie pentru interacţionism]'', trans. Florin Lobonţ, Bucharest: Trei, 1997. {{ro}}
** ''Test és elme. Az interakció védelmében'', trans. Zsuzsa Káldy, Budapest: Typotex Elektronikus, 1998; 2nd ed., exp., Budapest: Typotex, 2009. {{hu}}
** ''Wissen und das Leib-Seele-Problem: eine Verteidigung der Interaktionstheorie'', trans. & ed. Hans-Joachim Niemann, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012. {{de}}

* ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=D276112900739D35945F1DD5A45E8289 The Myth of the Framework: In Defence of Science and Rationality]'', ed. Mark Amadeus Notturno, London: Routledge, 1994. A collection of papers "prepared on different occasions as lectures for non-specialist audiences". {{en}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=768FEA9E484ACE9923B8C4B14C568ED1 Mitul contextului]'', Bucharest: Trei, 1998, 274 pp. {{ro}}

===Selected essays===

* ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=ED8B514327DF61A77C389964AD2420D4 A Pocket Popper]'', ed. David Miller, Fontana, 1987. {{en}}

* ''Alles Leben ist Problemlösen'', Munich: Piper, 1994. A collection of speeches and shorter writings. {{de}}
** ''Život je řešení problémů: o poznání, dějinách a politice'', Prague, 1998. {{cz}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=476D7143FF50EB52DCB84EFBCB4B235A All Life is Problem Solving]'', trans. Patrick Camiller, London: Routledge, 1999, 171 pp. {{en}}
** ''Tseliyat zhivot e reshavane na problemi'' [Целият живот е решаване на проблеми], trans. & afterw. Kamen Lozev, Sofia: Kals & Kosmopolit, 2005. {{bg}}

* ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=0A2C75FA9A00A8A814CBD2B7078F1799 The World of Parmenides: Essays on the Presocratic Enlightenment]'', eds. Arne F. Petersen with Jørgen Mejer, London: Routledge, 1998, x+328 pp. {{en}}

* ''Frühe Schriften'', ed. Troels Eggers Hansen, 2006. Includes Popper's writings and publications from before the Logic, including his previously unpublished thesis, dissertation and journal articles published that relate to the Wiener Schulreform. {{de}}

* ''After the Open Society'', eds. Jeremy Shearmur and Piers Norris Turner, 2008. Contains Popper's previously unpublished or uncollected writings on political and social themes. {{en}}

===Bibliography===

* [http://fs1.law.keio.ac.jp/~popper/biblio1.html compiled by Makoto Kogawara and Yoshihisa Hagiwara]
* [http://www.autodidactproject.org/bib/vienna1.html compiled by Ralph Dumain]
* [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Karl_Popper/Bibliography on Citizendium.org]

==Interviews==

* with Konrad Lorenz, ''Die Zukunft ist offen'', 1985. {{de}}
** ''Budoucnost je otevřená (rozhovor)'', Prague, 1997. {{cz}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=69cd0ed81daf527fbcaf1570a7df32f8 Viitorul este deschis. O discuţie la gura sobei]'', trans. Simona Lobonţ and Florin Lobonţ, Bucharest: Trei, 1997. {{ro}}

* with Giancarlo Bosetti, ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=AF65A6495DCB49D3A948A698176D07A2 La lezione di questo secolo. Intervista sul ’900]'', Venice: Marsilio, 1992. {{it}}
** ''The Lesson of this Century'', trans. Patrick Camiller, 1992. {{en}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=b7a03b9cb8772ff9ea577876fd3a185e Lecția acestui secol]'', trans. Florin Dumitrescu, Bucharest: Nemira, 1998. {{ro}}

==Literature==

* Roberta Corvi, ''Invito al pensiero di Karl Popper'', Gruppo Ugo Mursia, 1993. {{es}}
** ''[http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=407A1D7636726BD72885C7268141BC90 An Introduction to the Thought of Karl Popper]'', trans. Patrick Camiller, London and New York: Routledge, 1997. {{en}}

* Malachi Haim Hacohen, ''Karl Popper: The Formative Years, 1902-1945: Politics and Philosophy in Interwar Vienna'', Cambridge University Press, 2000. Review: [http://public.econ.duke.edu/~bjc18/docs/Recovering%20Popper%20for%20the%20Left%20-%20Hacohen%20Review.pdf Caldwell]. {{en}} 

* Stephen Thornton, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper/ "Karl Popper"], ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', 1997; rev., 2018. {{en}}

==Links==
* [http://www.tkpw.net/ The Karl Popper Web]
* [http://fs1.law.keio.ac.jp/~popper/popperindex-e.html Open Universe of the Japan Popper Society]